Fulvia Ancient Romes Femme Fatale - Free Essay Example

Fulvia, most commonly known as the wife of M. Antonius, is well-known among scholars and ancient writers, but is not known for having a respectable reputation. She has been considered a prominent political figure for her time. For a woman to assert herself into a mans world was unconventional and shown in a negative light. In the case of Fulvia, a reputation as an androgynous, wicked woman was bestowed upon her as she overstepped her bounds as a Roman woman. Most modern scholars, such as Kathryn Welch, who claims that attempts to revise the common portrayal of Fulvia have been unsuccessful , have accepted the reputation that has survived centuries without considering her early career, her motives, and, possibly most importantly, her husbands. The purpose of this research is to investigate the time at which Fulvia debuted as an authoritative politico and discover the motives for her actions to determine whether the characterization she has held is one that she is owed. The research will explore Fulvias influence during her three marriages; examine the actions of her Egyptian counterpart, Cleopatra, as a comparandum for the treatment endured by powerful women of antiquity; and analyze primary sources seeking evidence that explains the origin of her depiction. After careful consideration of nine secondary sources and several primary sources, there is no proof suggesting Fulvia was politically active in her first two marriages but became a dominant figure in politics during her third marriage. Furthermore, the research suggests that she was the most convenient target for political propaganda, which is the most substantial reason for the attack on her reputation. In order to understand her ending, we must first understand her beginning. Fulvia, born around 83 BCE, was the only daughter of Marcus Fulvius Bambalion and Sempronia Tuditana. Her father was the last in the line of the Fulvii and her mother was the last in the line of the Sempronii. As a woman, she had no hope of returning her family name to its former glory, and as a result, their name was gradually falling into extinction. Suetonius also describes her physical appearance as asymmetrical with one cheek fuller than the other. Descended from a declining family name and apparently lacking in physical attractiveness, what could she possibly offer potential suitors? Conveniently, however, as the last member of the two once distinguished noble families, she was the sole heir to substantial wealth and a political tradition favoring the populares. Furthermore, she is believed to have had a half-brother, which would have lessened the amount of her inheritance, but would, in turn, make her the stepdaughter to the consul of 62 BCE, Pinarius . With her wealth and social status, she was able to procure marriages to three respected husbands, Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Marcus Antonius, respectively, each on the brink of their political careers and each of high social rank and family. Her first marriage to Publius Clodius Pulcher took place in 62 BCE . Clodius was not left a large enough fortune to support all his siblings, who were aspiring to political careers. As a result, Fulvia was likely an attractive match due to her political ties and money. Although, the motives for the marriage were seemingly financial, the union is rumored to have been happy as Clodius rarely went anywhere without his wife. In Pro Milone, Cicero states twice the unusualness of Clodius traveling without his wife: Ob viam fit ei Clodius, expeditus, in equo, nulla raeda, nullis impedimentis; nullis Graecis comitibus, ut solebat; sine uxore, quod numquam fere. Clodius meets him, unencumbered, mounted on horseback, with no carriage, with no impediments, with no Greek companions, as was usual; without his wife, which was nearly never. Age nunc iter expediti latronis cum Milonis impedimentis comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine ea. Come now, compare the journey of the unencumbered mercenary with the impediments of Milo. Previously, he was always with his wife, now without her. Their probable happiness can also be inferred in the description of Fulvias grief over the deceased Clodius in Asconius commentary on Ciceros Pro Milone: Augebat autem facti invidiam uxor Clodi Fulvia quae cum effusa lamentatione vulnera eius ostendebat. However, Fulvia, the wife of Clodius magnified the displeasure of the deed when she was displaying his wounds while shedding tears. Cicero, in his Philippics, mentions an alleged love affair between Fulvia and M. Antonius during her marriage to Clodius. However, it is natural to question the reliability of the source as Cicero is the only one to make mention of any such dalliance. Furthermore, it is common knowledge that the Philippics were a method of propaganda against his enemies, which further diminishes its credibility. There is much speculation about her role in Clodius political career. Scholars, such as Charles Babcock, postulate that she was politically active early on. Yet, the evidence is scant at best. Babcock attempts to demonstrate Fulvias influence over the political decisions of Clodius but contradicts his own claim by saying the actual effect on Clodius career can only be surmised from a few references. He cites sources, such as Ciceros Pro Milone, which depicts Fulvia as a devoted and dutiful wife, but indicates nothing of her political involvement. She seemed a woman and wife above reproach, always at her husbands side in life and avenging his murder. In fact, Fulvias first recorded public appearance was at the trial of Milo, to which she was called to testify, following the death of Clodius. It would seem Babcock was less than successful in supporting his claim that she played a role in the political decisions made by Clodius during his tribune in 58 BCE. Fulvias second marriage was to Gaius Scribonius Curio sometime around 52-51 BCE. He was not from a prestigious family and though he was more financially sound, Fulvia perhaps had the same allure as she did ten years earlier, family money. She married only months after the murder of Clodius and the marriage was short-lived given that he left Rome soon after marrying and died in 49 BCE. There is very little documentation on her marriage to Curio, Ciceros Philippics being the only record. Unfortunately, it can only be speculated that the marriage was happy given that there was not enough time before his death for the marriage to turn bitter. There is not enough evidence to determine whether Fulvia had any political involvement during this marriage. Fulvias third and final marriage was to Marcus Antonius around 47-46 BCE, for which she would be most known. As with her first two marriages, her family money were appealing assets, especially for M. Antonius, who was known for having an unruly and lavish lifestyle. Additionally, Augusto Fraschetti posits that her familys political views, which were skewed toward the populares, which came to mean on Caesars side, were of significance to M. Antonius as well. In Ant. 10, Plutarch alleges that M. Antonius intentionally sought Fulvia in order that she might redirect his career, which was endangered by his lifestyle. Babcock claims that Antonys near defeat of Octavian, an astute politician, is undoubtedly an example of her manipulative influence. Furthermore, he claims that each husband married just at the right time in his career and their achievements all suggest Fulvias hand. Fulvia enters history as the wife of M. Antonius and is most known for her role in the Perusine War. Her mark in history coincides with the time at which Diana Delia suggests she really began her career in politics after the death of Caesar when M. Antonius and Octavian vied for control of Rome. This is also when she became more prominently featured in the triumviral literature. She only appears briefly prior to this time suggesting her political role was minimal, if not completely lacking. Delia claims Fulvias involvement in the Perusine War is the most convincing piece of evidence to support the notion that her actions were on her husbands behalf. Lucius Antonius opposed Octavians colonization program, which had gotten out of control with accusations that Octavian was allowing his soldiers free reign resulting in violent land seizures. While Antony was abroad in Asia, Fulvia and Lucius Antonius, brother of M. Antonius and consul in Rome, waged war against Octavian in Perusia, initially over land confiscations. Octavian characterizes her as androgynous, meddlesome, and ill-tempered. An epigram written by Octavian and preserved by Martial depicts Fulvia as sexually aggressive, which is a conventionally Roman male conduct. He claims she propositioned him, and he rejected her saying that sex with her would be a punishment and compares it to penetrating Manius. Caesaris Augusti lascivos, livide, versus sex lege, qui tristis verba Latina legis: Quod futuit Glaphyran Antonius, hanc mihi poenam Fulvia constituit, se quoque uti futuam. Fulviam ego ut futuam? Quod si me Manius oret pedicem? faciam? Non puto, si sapiam. Aut futue, aut pugnemus ait. Quid quod mihi vita carior est ipsa mentula? Signa canant! Absolvis lepidos nimirum, Auguste, libellos, qui scis Romana simplicitate loqui. Translation In his verse, Octavian suggests that Fulvias jealousy over M. Antonius lovers was the cause of the war in Perusia, pursuing war as a substitute for sex. Cicero describes her as being fatal to M. Antonius just as to her two previous husbands, who both died violently. Quis autem, meum consulatum praeter te Publiumque Clodium qui vituperaret, inventus est? cuius quidem tibi fatum sicut C. Curioni manet, quoniam id domi tuae est, quod fuit illorum utrique fatale.

How to Use Illustration Essay Examples Effectively

<h1>How to Use Illustration Essay Examples Effectively</h1><p>An delineation article model is one of the most remarkable techniques for imparting thoughts in your composition. It is a straightforward type of depiction that doesn't require complex sentence structures or confounded sentences. The issue is that numerous individuals don't have the foggiest idea how to utilize them effectively and end up with sentences that are ineffectively constructed.</p><p></p><p>One can go to class to figure out how to compose a fantastic outline, however that requires some investment and exertion that numerous individuals lack the capacity to deal with. Meanwhile, you can utilize the representation article model. They are commonly simple to utilize, however numerous individuals don't utilize them properly.</p><p></p><p>The first thing to recall is that you ought to consistently utilize a model that shows your point. At the point when you take a gander at the model, take a gander at the thought you are attempting to communicate. Ordinarily, a ton of time is squandered attempting to clarify the thought when it is really one's own understanding. This is particularly obvious when discussing creatures. For instance, an understudy may depict a creature in a representation that didn't generally occur in the genuine world.</p><p></p><p>Another outrageous model would be in the event that you composed 'The essence of peril was raised.' The peruser will immediately expect that you were alluding to a reality when in actuality you were most certainly not. Additionally, by expounding on the real world, it will make it simpler for perusers to comprehend what you are attempting to state. Regardless of whether you didn't live through the experience, you will get it in your brain from what you wrote.</p><p></p><p>Next, it is imperative to figure out how to transform the models into papers. All things considered, delineations are just illustrative. You ought to consistently have the option to put the delineations in a specific setting with your unique composition. This is so when the understudies take a gander at your paper, they will comprehend what you are attempting to state in your paper.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you ought to never do the models wrong. There is nobody approach to do them. A few people will give you three model sentences and afterward rework it for their paper. Others will basically draw a model and bring you into the content. This will make it simpler for them to transfer their data to you.</p><p></p><p>Most regularly, the outline is utilized in class as a decent method to show your peruser where you are going with your composition. You ought to likewise ensure that the model article encourages you show a thought that you need to underscore in your paper. Once in a while, you will be given a them e and it might assist with representing what you are attempting to state to assist you with recollecting the key points.</p><p></p><p>The most significant thing to recall is that you ought to consistently utilize a delineation as a device to assist you with outlining a point on your paper. Keep in mind, you ought to consistently do the representation appropriately. At the point when you contemplate the entirety of this, you will have the option to compose an outline article model that will work for you.</p>

Abortion Research Paper Topics - A Focus on Abortion

<h1>Abortion Research Paper Topics - A Focus on Abortion</h1><p>Abortion investigate papers are a quickly developing pattern in scholastics nowadays. The two fundamental variables driving this development in the field of scholastic work and research is the developing mindfulness and comprehension of the significance of managing issues around fetus removal, and of the requirement for instruction that gives a comprehension of the historical backdrop of premature birth just as how it has evolved.</p><p></p><p>It is a frequently discussed subject that conveys with it the disgrace connected to it. There are regularly the regular old generalizations and such stories, particularly if there is an issue that is 'no-no', that it makes such a circumstance, that, as opposed to managing the issue itself, understudies need to figure out how to manage the social and mental implications of being ace or hostile to abortion.</p><p></p><p&g t;The first thing to comprehend about the scholastic scientists who address fetus removal is that while investigating issues of premature birth, all creators are not required to follow the equivalent precise research way. Numerous scholastic specialists do decide to investigate the various territories of research that manage various parts of fetus removal, each with its own topics and expectations.</p><p></p><p>One of the things that ought to be noted is that most creators who study premature birth are possibly worried about deciding whether the premature birth was lawful or legitimate and illicit. This is the focal point of much research, and for the most part around there, there are the same conclusions. Therefore, a few specialists may decide to investigate the cultural and social parts of abortion.</p><p></p><p>Other analysts may concentrate more on the clinical parts of the fetus removal, for example, what methodology the techniqu e in question, and the time allotment it took. They may likewise take a gander at the financial matters of the fetus removal and the guideline of the procedure.</p><p></p><p>Those trying to concentrate such issues, nonetheless, don't need to just concentrate on the law, however ought to likewise think about different issues, similar to social issues encompassing premature birth. As you would expect, the technique for study affects the whole research course, and you can expect a significant effect from choosing which subject to research and whether to have some expertise in explicit territories or go into a more extensive focus.</p><p></p><p>It is essential to take note of that every theme on fetus removal explore paper points can have its own arrangement of remunerations and constraints. You may discover some exploration testing, while others are simple, and this can be an extraordinary thing, yet you don't need to work with others to discover which subject you should center on.</p>

Researching Art Related Topics For Research Paper

<h1>Researching Art Related Topics For Research Paper</h1><p>If you will compose an exploration paper on craftsmanship related subjects for investigate, there are a few things that you have to consider. In this article, I'll enlighten you concerning a portion of these things so you can begin and begin investigating the various sorts of craftsmanship that you are going to discover when you look into the workmanship related points for examine paper.</p><p></p><p>One of the principal things that you should do when you inquire about the craftsmanship related subjects for explore paper is to discover what individuals need to state about that kind of workmanship. The most widely recognized instances of research themes would be the sort of workmanship that individuals have displayed at appears or what they have gained from gallery exhibits.</p><p></p><p>So how about we start with some various kinds of historical centers and s hows that you could examine. The American Museum of Fine Arts in New York has a show called 'The Gilded Age' and is situated in the structure that houses the National Gallery of Art. You can see artistic creations from the nineteenth century, that is viewed as the start of the Gilded Age in America.</p><p></p><p>There is additionally the Smithsonian Museum in Washington D.C. what's more, that includes a showcase called 'American Art of the Contemporary Era'. Different galleries that you could investigate that include workmanship are the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Musée du Louver in Paris.</p><p></p><p>The real specialists themselves can be found on these historical centers just as through presentations. They are surrounding, you may even run into them at neighborhood cafés or even at the nearby displays that you visit.</p><p></p><p>Art is considerably more available nowadays than it used to b e. For example, when I was in school, I had the option to go to the workmanship exhibition halls in my old neighborhood without going to class. Presently, there are such a significant number of historical centers accessible that I could without much of a stretch meetup with some different specialists in my general vicinity that are taking a shot at craftsmanship related subjects for investigate paper.</p><p></p><p>You may even have the option to discover a craftsman directly in your own town, on the off chance that they aren't exceptionally far away. Simply utilize your own innovativeness and you will be astounded at what you think of. When you have your rundown, simply begin investigating by doing a general quest for the names of the museums.</p>

Persusaisve Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone

<h1> Persusaisve Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone </h1> <p>An contentious article expects you to pick a theme and have a situation on it. You should choose an influential paper theme that grants you to introduce the best conceivable case. Choosing a superb theme for your paper is among the most fundamental and as often as possible dubious parts for some understudies. So finding the best influential paper points is basic. </p> <p>You got two or three thoughts during the conceptualizing procedure, so chase to become familiar with them. Following are some basic proposals to guide you in choosing the perfect powerful article point for you. Having extraordinary research capacities and choosing a magnificent point is significant. 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In the event that you selected to pick the fantastic themes for a convincing article, you should consider it very well. </p> <p>You must evaluate something new, in the event that you want to make the best articles. Each American ought to figure out how to communicate in English. </p> <h2> Top Choices of Persusaisve Essay Topics</h2> <p>A influential discourse takes after a troublesome test for some understudies. Understudies are acquainted with the reality which their educators give them with the task's subject. Understudies with great participation must be compensated. </p> <h2>Things You Should Know About Persusaisve Essay Topics </h2> <p>The absolute first thing you should find out about an influential paper is the straightforward reality which you're prepared to pick your own sort of structure. Our prepared powerful paper scholars will flexibly you with successful answers for conventional issues, in any event, assuming it is a contentious exposition. 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Key Pieces of Argumentative Essay Topics about Service and Happiness

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Violence As A Solution - 1678 Words

Dan Powers 09/21/2015 Violence as a Solution In the modern age, many problems can be solved quickly and effectively by having a thoughtful discussion with both belligerents. However, depending on the severity of the problem, the direness of the situation, and the time one has to react, a violent solution may be the only option. There are those who believe that violence should be abhorred and never resorted to, but those who think that are optimistic dreamers who are living in a false reality. Of course, if everyone shared their viewpoint, fights may never occur, but one has to accept the fact that some people will just refuse to stand down or accept something other than exactly what they want. This is why a level headed person with a strong moral compass needs to be able to recognize when a situation calls for a peaceful diplomatic solution, or, if diplomacy fails, a call to action. 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The truth of the matter is that we are all alone when it comes to dealing with any form of aggressive behavior from children, especially in school. Did you ever wonder why schools have so much violence? But people alwaysRead MoreA Pundit’s Solution to Fixing Drug Violence in Mexico Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesopen up the energy sector for foreign investment, which would lead to â€Å"real political/economic reform† in Mexico (Friedman 2010). After exploring the matter, such claims proved false. The prohibition of drugs by the United States is what began the violence that persists in Mexico today, not Mexico’s reluctance to accept neoliberal policies. The drug trade between the United States and Mexico has been a reality since before the turn of the 20th century. The prohibition of drugs such as cocaine, opium

Should Ddt Be Banned Worldwide Essay Example For Students

Should Ddt Be Banned Worldwide? Essay Elliot GriffinEnvironmental Science Final Opinion Paper Should DDT Be Banned Worldwide? First synthesized in 1874, DDTs insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. In the second half of World War II, it was used with great effect among both military and civilian populations to control mosquitoes spreading malaria and lice transmitting typhus, resulting in dramatic reductions in the incidence of both diseases. The Swiss chemist Hermann Muller of Geigy Pharmaceutical was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods. After the war, DDT was made available for use as an agricultural insecticide, and soon its production and use skyrocketed. During the 1940’s and 1950’s DDT was extensivly used by the Allied powers to control typhus nearly eliminating the disease in the western parts of Europe. In 1955 the world health organization comercialized a program that was designed to target and destroy the disease malaria, The program relied heavily on the insectisidal properties of DDT. At the beginnings of the program is was sucessful in elimintaing the disease in much of the carribean and the balkans and a large part of northern africa. However resistance soon emerged in many insect populations as a consequence of widespread agricultural use of DDT. In many areas, early victories against malaria were partially or completely reversed, and in some cases rates of transmission even increased. The program was successful in eliminating malaria only in areas with high socio-economic status, well-organized healthcare systems, and relatively less intensive or seasonal malaria transmission. DDT was less effective in tropical regions due to the continuous life cycle of mosquitoes and poor infrastructure. It was not pursued at all in sub-Saharan Africa due to these perceived difficulties, with the result that mortality rates in the area were never reduced to the same dramatic extent, and now constitute the bulk of malarial deaths worldwide, especially following the resurgence of the disease as a result of microbe resistance to drug treatments and the spread of the deadly malarial variant caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The goal of eradication was abandoned in 1969, and attention was focused on controlling and treating the disease. Spraying programs (especially using DDT) were curtailed due to concerns over safety and environmental effects, as well as problems in administrative, managerial and financial implementation, but mostly because mosquitoes were developing resistance to DDT. Efforts were shifted from spraying to the use of bednets impregnated with insecticides and other interventions. DDT has also been a problem for the thinning of birds shells. Rare birds like the bald eagle, peregrine falcon and brown pelecans have been dying out at an accelerated rate due to the DDT de-calcifying the eggs shells making them soft and weak. As with most scientific theories there are skeptics that think the thinning of birdshells is a process of evolution or a change in the birds diet. There is not extensive enough research being done, Blamed on the lack of funding. The United States is among other countries that have banned DDT. Countries like Mexico still spray the deadly pesticide unrestrictedly on their crops. Which wouldn’t pose to much of a problem to the United States except for the food we buy from there. Crops get shipped all over the world and unless there is a worldwide ban on DDT, We will continue to expierence the effects of the chemical.